#HukukYoluylaDemokrasi için ne yapmak gerektiği kısa bir özet mahiyetinde şöyle düşünülebilir: Mesela şu soru: Anayasa değişikliği referandum(halkoyu) ile yapılabilir mi?
1987'de anayasa değişikliğinin halkoyu ile yapılması için (evet, sadece bunun için) bir kanun çıkarılmış: "Böyle bir kanun demokrasi, hukukun üstünlüğü ve kuvvetler ayrılığı ilkelerine uygun bir kanun mudur?" Bu soru Hukuk Yoluyla Demokrasi bakımından meşru bir düşünme biçiminin ürünü bir sorudur.
1987'de anayasa değişikliğinin halkoyu ile yapılması için (evet, sadece bunun için) bir kanun çıkarılmış: "Böyle bir kanun demokrasi, hukukun üstünlüğü ve kuvvetler ayrılığı ilkelerine uygun bir kanun mudur?" Bu soru Hukuk Yoluyla Demokrasi bakımından meşru bir düşünme biçiminin ürünü bir sorudur.
Kanunlar sorgulanabilir ve belli ilkeler açısından eleştirilebilir de.
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Bir ülkenin demokrat, liberal, komünist ya da muhafazakar olmasını istersek bunun için yapılması gereken: bunları temsil eden "siyasetçiler" seçemek değil, bu ilkeleri gözeten yasa ve hukuk düzeninin kurulmasını sağlamaktır. Siyasetçinin işi meclistedir; Meclisin işi yasa yapmaktır. Bugün bu imkanlar yok ama sivil toplum var.
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Bir de elimizde şunlar var:- Anayasa Değişikliklerinin Halkoyuna Sunulması Hakkında Kanun >> https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/KANUNLAR_KARARLAR/kanuntbmmc070/kanuntbmmc070/kanuntbmmc07003376.pdf
- TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANAYASASINDA DEĞİŞİKLİK YAPILMASINA DAİR KANUN http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/02/20170211-1.htm
- Ve 'Hukuk yoluyla demokrasi komisyonu'nun referandumun düzgün uygulanması hukuku rehberi: Code of good practice on referendums http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD%282007%29008-e
Henüz bu karşılaştırma ve incelemeleri yapan çok fazla hukukçuya rastlamadım, ancak olacaktır.
**25 Nisan Venedik şehrinin koruyucu azizi Markos'un ve İtalya'nın Nazizm'den kurtuluşunun günüymüş. İkisini de kutlarım.
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Venedik Komisyonunun Referandumun iyi uygulanması hukuku rehberi ve 16 Nisan 2017 referandumunu ilgilendiren kısmları:
İmkan eşitliği:
2.2.a'da belirtildiğine göre tarafların eşit imkanlara sahip olması referandumun yapılması ile ilgili kanunda güvence altına alınmalı. Uygulama bu açıdan araştırılmalı: yayın organları ile ilgili kimi çalışmalar var. F şıkkına göre ifade özgürlüğü de (İlgili referandum kanununda) yasal teminat altına alınmalı.
2.2. Equality of opportunity
a. Equality of opportunity must be guaranteed for the supporters and opponents of the proposal being voted on. This entails a neutral attitude by administrative authorities, in particular with regard to:
i. the referendum campaign;
ii. coverage by the media, in particular by the publicly owned media; iii. public funding of campaign and its actors;
iv. billposting and advertising;
v. the right to demonstrate on public thoroughfares.
ii. coverage by the media, in particular by the publicly owned media; iii. public funding of campaign and its actors;
iv. billposting and advertising;
v. the right to demonstrate on public thoroughfares.
b. In public radio and television broadcasts on the referendum campaign, it is advisable that equality be ensured between the proposal’s supporters and opponents.
c. Balanced coverage must be guaranteed to the proposal’s supporters and opponents in other public mass media broadcasts, especially news broadcasts. Account may be taken of the number of political parties supporting each option or their election results.
d. Equality must be ensured in terms of public subsidies and other forms of backing. It is advisable that equality be ensured between the proposal’s supporters and opponents. Such backing may, however, be restricted to supporters and opponents of the proposal who account for a minimum percentage of the electorate. If equality is ensured between political parties, it may be strict or proportional. If it is strict, political parties are treated on an equal footing irrespective of their current parliamentary strength or support among the electorate. If it is proportional, political parties must be treated according to the results achieved in the elections.
e. Financial or other conditions for radio and television advertising must be the same for the
proposal’s supporters and opponents.
f. In conformity with freedom of expression, legal provision should be made to ensure that there is a minimum access to privately owned audiovisual media, with regard to the referendum campaign and to advertising, for all participants in the referendum.
g. Political party and referendum campaign funding must be transparent.
h. The principle of equality of opportunity can, in certain cases, lead to a limitation of spending by political parties and other parties involved in the referendum debate, especially on advertising.
i. Sanctions must be imposed in the case of breaches of the duty of neutrality.
Ulusal azınlıklar
"historically, all successful constitutional processes were born from a passionate desire of the
people, not only to have a Constitution, but to be constituted."
Miguel Herrero de Minon, UniDem: Istanbul, 1992
Referandum öncesi süreç çerçevesinde yine dikkate alınması gerekmez mi? (Bkz: referandum kanunu ve propaganda süreci)
2.3. Equality and national minorities
a. Special rules providing for an exception to the normal vote-counting rules, in a proportional way, in the case of a referendum concerning the situation of national minorities do not, in principle, run counter to equal suffrage.
3.1. Freedom of voters to form an opinion
b. Voters must not find themselves obliged to reveal their membership of a national minority
Oy vereceklerin tercih özgürlüğü
Oy vereceklerin tercih özgürlüğü
3.1. Freedom of voters to form an opinion (altında)
c. The question put to the vote must be clear; it must not be misleading; it must not suggest an answer; electors must be informed of the effects of the referendum; voters must be able to answer the questions asked solely by yes, no or a blank vote.
Temel haklara saygı
1. Respect for fundamental rights
a. Democratic referendums are not possible without respect for human rights, in particular freedom of expression and of the press, freedom of movement inside the country, freedom of assembly and freedom of association for political purposes, including freedom to set up political parties7.
Sandık gözlemciliği üzerine
Referandumun tarifi
a. Democratic referendums are not possible without respect for human rights, in particular freedom of expression and of the press, freedom of movement inside the country, freedom of assembly and freedom of association for political purposes, including freedom to set up political parties7.
b. Restrictions on these freedoms must have a basis in law, be in the public interest and comply
with the principle of proportionality.
Referandum kanunu
Referandum kanunu
2. Regulatory levels and stability of referendum law
a. Apart from rules on technical matters and detail (which may be included in regulations of the executive), rules of referendum law should have at least the rank of a statute.
b. The fundamental aspects of referendum law should not be open to amendment less than one year before a referendum, or should be written in the Constitution or at a level superior to ordinary law.
c. Fundamental rules include, in particular, those concerning:
- the composition of electoral commissions or any other body responsible for organising the referendum;
- the franchise and electoral registers;
- the procedural and substantive validity of the text put to a referendum8;
- the effects of the referendum (with the exception of rules concerning matters of detail)
- the participation of the proposal’s supporters and opponents to broadcasts of public media.
YSK'yı ilgilendiren kısım
a. Apart from rules on technical matters and detail (which may be included in regulations of the executive), rules of referendum law should have at least the rank of a statute.
b. The fundamental aspects of referendum law should not be open to amendment less than one year before a referendum, or should be written in the Constitution or at a level superior to ordinary law.
c. Fundamental rules include, in particular, those concerning:
- the composition of electoral commissions or any other body responsible for organising the referendum;
- the franchise and electoral registers;
- the procedural and substantive validity of the text put to a referendum8;
- the effects of the referendum (with the exception of rules concerning matters of detail)
- the participation of the proposal’s supporters and opponents to broadcasts of public media.
YSK'yı ilgilendiren kısım
3.1. Organisation of the referendum by an impartial body
a. An impartial body must be in charge of organising the referendum.
In particular, street demonstrations to support or oppose the text submitted to a referendum may be subject to authorisation: such authorisation may be refused only on the basis of overriding public interest, in accordance with the general rules applicable to public demonstrations.
a. An impartial body must be in charge of organising the referendum.
In particular, street demonstrations to support or oppose the text submitted to a referendum may be subject to authorisation: such authorisation may be refused only on the basis of overriding public interest, in accordance with the general rules applicable to public demonstrations.
b. Where there is no longstanding tradition of administrative authorities’ impartiality in
electoral matters, independent, impartial electoral commissions must be set up at all levels,
from the national level to polling station level.
c. The central commission must be permanent in nature.
d. It should include:
i. at least one member of the judiciary or other independent legal expert;
ii. representatives of parties already in Parliament or having scored at least a given percentage of the vote; these persons must be qualified in electoral matters.
It may include:
iii. a representative of the Ministry of the Interior;
iv. representatives of national minorities.
e. Political parties or supporters and opponents of the proposal put to the vote must be equally represented on electoral commissions or must be able to observe the work of the impartial body. Equality between political parties may be construed strictly or on a proportional basis (see I.2.2.d.).
f. The bodies appointing members of commissions must not be free to dismiss them at will. g. Members of commissions must receive standard training.
h. It is desirable that commissions take decisions by a qualified majority or by consensus.
c. The central commission must be permanent in nature.
d. It should include:
i. at least one member of the judiciary or other independent legal expert;
ii. representatives of parties already in Parliament or having scored at least a given percentage of the vote; these persons must be qualified in electoral matters.
It may include:
iii. a representative of the Ministry of the Interior;
iv. representatives of national minorities.
e. Political parties or supporters and opponents of the proposal put to the vote must be equally represented on electoral commissions or must be able to observe the work of the impartial body. Equality between political parties may be construed strictly or on a proportional basis (see I.2.2.d.).
f. The bodies appointing members of commissions must not be free to dismiss them at will. g. Members of commissions must receive standard training.
h. It is desirable that commissions take decisions by a qualified majority or by consensus.
Sandık gözlemciliği üzerine
3.2. Observation of the referendum
a. Both national and international observers should be given the widest possible opportunity to participate in a referendum observation exercise.
b. Observation must not be confined to election day itself, but must include the referendum campaign and, where appropriate, the voter registration period and the signature collection period. It must make it possible to determine whether irregularities occurred before, during or after the vote. It must always be possible during vote counting.
c. Observers should be able to go everywhere where operations connected with the referendum are taking place (for example, vote counting and verification). The places where observers are not entitled to be present should be clearly specified by law, with the reasons for their being banned.
d. Observation should cover respect by the authorities of their duty of neutrality.
a. Both national and international observers should be given the widest possible opportunity to participate in a referendum observation exercise.
b. Observation must not be confined to election day itself, but must include the referendum campaign and, where appropriate, the voter registration period and the signature collection period. It must make it possible to determine whether irregularities occurred before, during or after the vote. It must always be possible during vote counting.
c. Observers should be able to go everywhere where operations connected with the referendum are taking place (for example, vote counting and verification). The places where observers are not entitled to be present should be clearly specified by law, with the reasons for their being banned.
d. Observation should cover respect by the authorities of their duty of neutrality.
Referandumun tarifi
8. Effects of referendums
a. The effects of legally binding or consultative referendums must be clearly specified in the
Constitution or by law.
b. Referendums on questions of principle or other generally-worded proposals should preferably not be binding. If they are binding, the subsequent procedure should be laid down in specific rules.
Ek adresler:
b. Referendums on questions of principle or other generally-worded proposals should preferably not be binding. If they are binding, the subsequent procedure should be laid down in specific rules.
Ek adresler:
- Venice Commission: Code of good practice on referendums
- Resmi Gazete - Türkiye Cumhuriyeti anayasasında Değişiklik yapılmasına dair kanun
- (http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/02/20170213M1-1.pdf)
- Anayasa Değişikliğinin halkoyuna (referandum) sunulması kanunu, (1987 yılından son referandum bu kanuna mı dayanılarak yapıldı bilmiyorum.)
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